Dr. Gawande’s Respect for Patient Autonomy in Whose Body...

In his article â€Å"Whose Body Is It, Anyway?†Ã¢â‚¬â€appearing in the New Yorker in October 1994—Dr. Atul Gawande highlights the complexities of the doctor-patient relationship vis-à  -vis patient autonomy and decision-making. Dr. Gawande explains that a respect for patient autonomy (i.e., allowing patients to choose between courses of treatment, therefore directly influencing their health outcome) is the â€Å"new normal† for medical practitioners. However, Gawande also contends that there are times when patients are better served by a voluntary relinquishment of that autonomy. Dr. Gawande shares a personal story with the reader to make his case. He tells us about his daughter Hunter, who suddenly stopped breathing at 11-days-old. Dr. Gawande’s wife quickly noticed the respiratory stoppage, shook Hunter, and her breathing started anew. The Gawande family immediately took Hunter to the hospital where, in an environment guided by the â€Å"orthodoxy of patient autonomy†, a team of physicians presented them with different treatment options and asked them to choose their preferred course of action. Dr. Gawande was a trained, licensed, practicing physician – surely he would be better equipped than most to make such a decision. Yet, here are his thoughts at that critical moment: â€Å"Even if I made what I was sure was the right choice for her, I could not live with the guilt if something went wrong†¦ I needed Hunter’s physicians to bear the responsibility; they could live with the consequences, good or

Causality and Effect Free Essays

CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY Another common method of organizing an essay is by cause and effect. In a cause and effect essay, you discuss the reasons for something, and then you discuss the results. Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). We will write a custom essay sample on Causality and Effect or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. The following are examples of typical cause and effect essay topics: * Causes and effects of computer revolution * Causes and effects of global warming * Causes for the popularity of fast food restaurants * Reasons for the increase in inflation Effects of illiteracy * Technology’s effect on human freedom and happiness In fact, cause and effect (which can also be called reasons and results) is one of the most used forms of organization in academic writing. STEPS IN WRITING CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS 1. Distinguish between cause and effect. To determine causes, ask: â€Å"Why did this happen? † To identify effects, ask: â€Å"What happened because of this? † The following is an example of one cause producing one effect: Cause: You are out of gas. Effect: Your car won’t start. Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single effect or many effects may result from a single cause. The following are examples: Causes: Liked business in high school Salaries in the field are high Have an aunt who is an accountant Am good with numbers Effect: Choose to major in accounting Cause: Reduce work hours Effects: Less income Employer is irritated More time to study More time for family and friends However, most situations are more complicated. The following is an example of a chain reaction: Thinking about friend†¦forgot to buy gas†¦car wouldn’t start†¦missed math exam†¦failed math course. 2. Develop your thesis statement. State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both. Introduce your main idea, using the terms â€Å"cause† and/or â€Å"effect†. 3. Find and organize supporting details. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways: * Chronological: Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. * Order of importance: Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. * Categorical: Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. 4. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below. For Causes: First, second, because, due to, one cause is, another is, since, for, etc. For Effects: Consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore, etc. ORGANIZING the â€Å"CAUSE and EFFECT ESSAY† There are basically two ways to organize a cause and effect essay: â€Å"Block† organization and â€Å"Chain† organization. The former one is widely used in academic writing, whereas the latter is used in writing about topics such as scientific experimentation. In block organization, you first discuss all of the causes as a block (in one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the number of the causes). Then you discuss all of the effects together as a block. In chain organization, you discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause and its effect, and a third cause and its effect in a chain. BLOCK TYPE| CHAIN TYPE| Introduction| Introduction| 1st Cause| 1st Cause Effect| 2nd Cause| 2nd Cause Effect| Transition Paragraph| 3rd Cause Effect| 1st Effect| Conclusion| 2nd Effect| 3rd Effect| Conclusion| BLOCK ORGANIZATION Below is an example of an essay â€Å"Turkey’s admission to the EU† written in block organization. This is the pattern| This is how the sample outline looks| Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis statement * Specific areas to be covered in this essay| Introduction * Background information about Turkey’s attempts to be a member of EU. * There are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good candidate in order to be admitted to the EU: its economic development and unique geopolitical position * This essay will cover first causes then effects| Essay section I (Causes) * Cause 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Cause 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Causes of Turkey’s being a good candidate for the EU. ) Progress in economy a) Increased welfare rate b) The increase in the GDP 2) Unique geopolitical position a) Strategic waterways b) Borders with various countries c) Crisscrossed by oil and gas pipeline| There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. Having looked at the causes (reasons) for being a suitable member for th e EU, let’s now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU: increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. | * Essay Section II (Effects)Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Effects of Turkey’s potential membership to the EU. . The increase in literary rate among the young population a) More schools b) More opportunities for education2. Drop in the employment rate in Turkey a) New job opportunities| Conclusion * Summary of the main points (and looks to future)| Conclusion * The two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in addition to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. * If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. TURKEY’S ADMISSION TO THE EU Turkey is a developing country with a great potential of human and non-human resources which are waiting to be exploited. With this potential, for some time Turkey has been trying to win admission as a EU member. Nowadays, this topic is top on the agenda. One must admit that Turkey has come a long way to reach its present condition and to become a suitable candidate for EU membership. There are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good candidate in order to be admitted to the EU: its economic development and unique geopolitical position. First of all, in order to be accepted to the EU, Turkey has shown much progress in economy. Turkish leaders have solved many economic problems. As a consequence, the welfare rate in the country has increased. Similarly, the increase in the GDP has affected the economy. Therefore, the external debts have been paid. Secondly, Turkey is suitable for EU membership because of its unique geopolitical position. It not only sits astride strategic waterways by means of the Straits but also borders with the countries like Syria, Iraq, Iran and the former Soviet republics of Armenia and Georgia. As a result, this geopolitical position creates an enormous desire in the EU to accept Turkey as a strategic ally. Moreover, Turkey is a county crisscrossed by oil and gas pipelines. Thus, it attracts many businessmen for trade. Having looked at the causes (reasons) for being a suitable member for the EU, let’s now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU: increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. One of the biggest effects of admission to the EU will be the increase in literacy rate among the young population. It is a well-known fact that some children in Turkey cannot have a good education and as a result do not know how to read and write. If Turkey is accepted, the literacy rate will start rising because the EU criteria in education will be applied in our country. As a result of these criteria, more schools will be built and more opportunities for education will be created. Therefore, the literacy rate will gradually increase over the years. Another effect of gaining admission to the EU will be seen in the drop in the unemployment rate in Turkey. The EU countries will provide new job opportunities for Turkish people. Since Turkish people will be allowed to freely move in European countries, they will be able to solve their problem of unemployment in these countries by providing them with their cheap labor force. In conclusion, the two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in addition to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. If these factors enable Turkey to get what it wants for a long time, its effects will be seen in not only the increase in the literacy rate but also the drop in the unemployment rate. We exactly know the reasons and results of this process; however, what we do not know is the date of admission. If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. PRACTICE I: MAKING AN OUTLINE WOMEN’S LIBERATION Since the middle of this century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the so-called â€Å"women’s liberation movement. While the forces behind this international movement vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes sin the United States can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth-control methods, the invention of labor-saving for the home and the advent of World War II. The first cause of the liberation of women was the development of effective birth-control methods , freeing women from endless cycle of childbearing and rearing. As a result of having a choice as to when and if to bear children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside of the home. Because of the development of birth control, women could delay having children or avoid having them altogether, consequently, women had the opportunity to acquire an education and pursue a career. Another event was the development of mechanized labor-saving devices for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. For example, fifty years ago, a housewife spent an average of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Dye to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dishwashers, a housewife can now take care of her daily housework in about five hours. The final event that, at least in the United States, gave impetus to the liberation of women was World War II. During the war, most men were serving in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and then took over businesses for their absent husbands. This was a great change for the majority of American women, fort hey discovered that they could weld airplanes and manage businesses as well as change diapers and bake cookies. These three events planted the seeds of great change in society, and the effects of this change are being felt at all levels: in the family, in business, and in government. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning and even caring for children. In some families, there has been a complete reversal of the traditional roles: the husband stays at home, while the wife earns the family’s income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most families in the United States, the husband still earns most of the Money, and the wife does most of the housework. The effects of women’s liberation are being felt not only in the home but also on the job. More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. It is not uncommon for a woman to be the president of a Corporation these days. Many businesses encourage women to advance to high management positions, and every year, the nations’ schools produce more women doctors, lawyers and accountants. Politics and governments are still other areas that are feeling the effects of the women’s movement. Although the United States doesn’t appear ready to accept a woman president, as some countries of the world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers. The United States currently has several women governors, which is the highest Office in a state. A few years ago, this would have been unthinkable. In conclusion, women in the United States are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping changes in society — at home, at work, and in politics. While men may not be happy with these changes, they should always remember that it was they, the men, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women: men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessman earned a lot of Money selling vacuum cleaners and dishwashers. WOMEN’S LIBERATION OUTLINE This is the pattern| This is how the sample outline looks| * Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis statement * Specific areas to be covered in this essay| * Introduction| Essay section I (Causes) * Cause I a) Subsection b) Subsection * Cause II a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Causes of women’s liberation * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________| There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________| Essay section II (Effects) * Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 3 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Effects of women’s liberation * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________| * Conclusion * Summary of main points (and look to future)| * Conclusion * _____________________________________________________________________________________| Make an outline for the causes and effects of teenag e smoking. I. Introduction Thesis:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. Cause 1: III. Cause 2: IV. Cause 3: V. Transition Paragraph VI. Effect 1: VII. Effect 2: VIII. Effect 3: IX. Conclusion Paragraph Now, write an essay that discusses causes and effects of teenage smoking. EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind-there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings. One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term â€Å"TV snacks† to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it. It is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work, people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only-being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching TV too much. A Different Example of Block Organization: CAUSES THE CAUSES OF POVERTY IN MEXICO Are you aware that 20 million people in Mexico live on less than two dollars a day? Sixty million people, half the Mexican population, live in poverty, and twenty million of them live in extreme poverty. Most of the time, garbage is their food, and some days, they don’t even eat anything. This critical situation in Mexico is caused by individual, geographic and political factors. The purpose of this essay is to analyze these three main causes of poverty in Mexico. The first and immediate cause of poverty in Mexico is the individual condition. This cause refers to circumstances and characteristics of poor people. For example, the amount of education, skill, intelligence, health, and prejudice all have an influence on poverty. The lack of education is one of the most significant factors that contribute to poverty. There is no access to jobs for non-educated people. The second cause of poverty has to do with geography. For example, statistics show that people who live in rural areas far away from the cities are poorer. This is caused by the lack of communication and transportation in remote rural areas. Because of this, governments can’t provide essential services such as water, affordable food, primary health care, and education. People who live there are totally isolated from the rest of the society. The third and most significant cause of poverty in Mexico is the political economy of the country. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank-prescribed structural adjustment policies have been applied in Mexico because the government doesn’t carry out enough policies to encourage successful development. They cannot, for these international institutions lend money to Mexico on the condition that the nation open up its economy and cut social expenditures to repay the loans. The IMF and World Bank programs are supposed to reduce poverty, but actually they are increasing it. Unless the Mexican government works on the causes of the poverty which are the individual condition, the geographic factor, and the political economy of the country, the problem is going to get worse. Nobody likes to see poor children eating out of garbage cans. Mexico needs a new political economy designed by Mexican economists and politicians, people who are committed to Mexico and to the future of its society. CHAIN ORGANIZATION Another type of cause-and-effect analysis is the casual chain. Unlike the multiple cause-effect analyses, the causes and effects in a casual chain are always directly related; in fact, they are linked. In the casual chain, one effect can become a cause of another effect, which in turn becomes a cause of another effect, and so on. For example, let us say that a man had problems at work; as a result, he started to drink heavily. His heavy drinking eventually caused him to behave in an abusive way to his wife; his wife then alienated herself from him. His wife’s alienation caused him to feel even more alone and more of a failure; his depression caused him to decide for a divorce. The domino-like chain might be diagrammed as follows: problems at work cause drinking heavily effect cause abusive behavior toward wife ffect cause alienation of wife effect cause depression increase effect cause divorce effect The other major use of the casual chain is in science to analyze various kinds of cycles, biological or chemical chains, for example. Study the following essay, which analyzes a casual chain. See if the cause-effect relationships are clarified and explained. Below is an exampl e of an essay written in chain organization. UPSETTING THE BALANCE OF NATURE The members of a living community exist together in a particular, balanced relationship, or ecosystem. One animal species eats another animal species which in turn eats another. Over years, a balance is worked out among the plants and animals in a community and it remains basically stable. It is like a huge puzzle with all of the pieces in their proper places. However, at times this balance in nature is disturbed, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. Perhaps a disease results in the near extinction of one species, leaving another species with no natural predator. The result can be a terrific increase in that one species’ population. This could further result in the devastation of a shared food supply, which could in turn affect another species. It is possible for the disruption in the balance of nature to have natural causes: disease, drought, fire. Sometimes, however, human beings intervene in a natural environment, perhaps only slightly and with good intentions. The result is the same. The balance of nature becomes unbalanced and results in an entire chain reaction of unforeseen and unwanted effects. A good example of this occurred in the Antilles in the 1870’s. Sugar cane was a major crop there, but rats were eating and nesting in the cane, causing a great deal of damage. The mongoose, a one-and-a-half-foot-long mammal of the East Indies, was known to be an excellent rat hunter. Several males and females were imported in 1872, and laws were established that forbade the killing of them or their offspring. The mongoose flourished in the Antilles. After ten years it had multiplied abundantly and had significantly reduced the rat population. Consequently, damage to the cane fields was greatly reduced. It seemed that the scheme to add another piece to the ecological puzzle in the Antilles had been successful. However, that is not the end of the story. The influence of the mongoose did not stop there. As the rat population decreased and the mongoose population increased, the mongoose needed to enlarge its menu. It attacked young pigs and goats, game, poultry, and began to destroy bananas, maize and pineapples. Because the mongoose could not be hunted, its numbers increased rapidly, and it became a terrible past. All of the indigenous animals suffered damage. The mongoose learned to enjoy the native birds, snakes, lizards, turtles and their eggs. Now, it was specifically these animals that kept the local insect population in check. There were in the ecosystem of the Antilles a number of beetles, borers, and other insects that lived on and in the sugar cane. Until that time, they had not caused significant damage to the cane, because they were the natural food of so many local animals that kept their numbers down. However, as the birds, snakes, lizards, and turtles disappeared, the insect population began to increase. With no natural predators to keep them in check, the insects began to do more and more damage to the cane fields. Finally, the people of the Antilles realized that the introduction of the mongoose had caused a finely and delicately balanced system to go awry. The law against killing the mongoose was rescinded, and the mongoose population was reduced. Gradually, the different members of the plant and animal community came back into balance with each other and equilibrium was reestablished. However, the human members of the community would not soon forget that a single change in an ecosystem can cause a chain reaction that results in completely unforeseen and sometimes unwanted effects. PRACTICE: MAKING AN OUTLINE The following short essay describes a simple CHAIN reaction. SAD When winter arrives, some people get sad, even depressed. Doctors have recently started to study the causes of a medical disorder that they have appropriately named SAD, or seasonal affective disorder. People who suffer from SAD become very depressed during the winter months. Their depression appears to be the result of a decrease in the amount of sunlight they are exposed to. Doctors theorize that decreased sunlight affects the production of melatonin, a hormone manufactured in the brain, and serotonin, a chemical that helps transmit nerve impulses. Depression may result from ensuing (following immediately) imbalance of these two substances in the body. Also doctors believe that a decrease in the amount of sunlight the body receives may cause a disturbance in the body’s natural clock ( normal cycle of sleep and wakefulness) which could, in turn, result in symptoms such as lethargy (tiredness), oversleeping, weight gain, anxiety, and irritability—all signs of depression. Since absence of light seems to be the cause of this disorder, a daily dose of light appears to be the cure. Doctors advise patients to sit in front of a special light box that stimulates natural light for a few hours every day. In conclusion, the depressive effect of low sunlight levels may help explain the high number of depressed people in Scandinavian countries, and more importantly, it may suggest a remedy (cure). When the days grow short, turn on the lights. A) Read the essay above and answer these questions. 1. What causes the days to grow shorter? ________________________________________________________ 2. ———— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- What is the effect of shorter days? ————————————————- 3. What does this cause? _________________________________________________________ 4. What other change results from a decrease in the amount of light? _________________________________________________________ 5. What is the final result? _________________________________________________________ B) Fill in the boxes to complete the flowchart, which illustrates the cause and effect chain described in the model essay â€Å"SAD†. WINTER| | Body produces less| Lethargy, oversleeping, weight, anxiety, irritability| CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY CHECKLIST Check the appropriate box. YES NO 1. Does your essay have general statements in the introduction paragraph? | | | 2. Does your essay have a thesis statement that indicates the cause effect style and expresses the central idea of your essay in the introduction paragraph? | | | 3. Does your essay include both the causes and effects of the topic you wrote about? | | | 4. Have you analyzed the causes with sufficient supporting details using cause effect structure words? | | | 5. Have you analyzed the effects with How to cite Causality and Effect, Papers

Ethical Communication For Business for Teamwork- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Communication For Business for Reviewing Teamwork. Answer: Introduction The exchange of ideas, information and knowledge between two parties for a common objective can be considered as process of communication. The communication process plays a crucial role in an organizational structure. The communication process is a mechanism which is a two-way process executed for exchanging of relevant information. This approach is a specialized segment which forms an integral part of all the operations and functionalities in the business organization. This process involves transformation of data from one level to another level within the hierarchy of the business entity. The data or the concerned information is transferred internally and externally for executing number of transactions and operations. The communication process is considered as very much liable in attainment of the organizational goals and targets. The process comprises of the exchange of relevant data by making use of varied range of tools and methodologies and that to in an ethical manner. Ethical communication is concerned with the communication process which is judged on the morals and values utilized during the process. The process of communication should be executed by making use of ethical considerations. An ethical communication process defines the brand equity and goodwill of the firm. In case of communication with the clients there should be a high level of transparency for the information shared (Galegher, Kraut and Egido, 2014). This transparency will be proven beneficial for the business organization as it will develop a feeling of trust among the clients and the consumers which will enhance the brand loyalty and brand equity. The below executed essay has been focused on the process of ethical communication. The further report comprises of the different aspects of communication process and the factor s which are relevant to be considered in the methodology. Reviewing teamwork According to the research conducted on the below mentioned concepts it has been observed by Kokemuller (2017) that the methodology in which collaboration is the most essential component for execution of operations and functionalities can be termed as teamwork. This approach leads to delivery of high level of efficiency and effectiveness and also a hike will be observed in the productivity level (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). Teams are the groups of individuals with complementary capabilities for the execution of a common purpose and are also considered as liable for the attainments. The team mates are assigned tasks which are required to be performed by them on individual and also on team basis. The team mates are held responsible for the outcomes whether it is positive or negative. The individuals are trained to work together in a co-ordinated and supportive manner for the accomplishment of the desired goals and targets. The productivity and the effectiveness of the task is the extent t o which the team has been proven successful in achieving its pre-determined objectives. Team performance is the level of the outcomes which has been attained by the mutual and coordinated working and execution of the operations. A team has been considered as the system which comprise of a group which is also a dynamic system of interrelationships between the individuals which are connected for a common purpose. Team exists to produce desired outcomes and the extent of the effectiveness of the results will be termed as the team performance. There are varied range of information which is required to be transmitted from one level or hierarchy to another. For transferring the data and ideas the individuals are required to adopt a communication process which can be termed ass the process of team communication (Grunig, 2013). Team communication is the interaction which is executed between the team members. Effective team communication is the core ingredient for a group for attainment of a high performance level. Moreover, effective communication has been considered as the key to the high level of performance and productivity. When each team mate in the team starts understanding the role, listens to the instructions offers and updates in an appropriate manner and also gives the progress reports to the leaders. Then the team leads will be more aware about the progress and what more need to be done for further improvements. Team communication leads to a number of benefits for the business corporation such as high engagement of the among the team mates which will lead to an increase in the motivation level of the employees and which will make them more happier and an increase in their productivity level will be observed. On the basis of the research conducted by Intuits Quick Base high engagement is one of the biggest factor for high energy level in the team mates and also commitment for grabbing new and upcoming opportunities. Moreover, there are some negative aspects also of this concept .i.e. team communication, such as there are chances of rising conflicts among the team mates (DesJardins and McCall, 2014). There are differences in the ideas and thoughts of each team member and which can be considered as one of the biggest factor for rise in the conflicts and issues among the team mates. Communication and team work On the basis of the survey executed by McDuffee (2014) it has been analyzed that the approach of communication has been considered as one of the most effective component which effects teamwork in the positive as well as negative terms. The quality and quantity of the communication process within a team stimulates the team work. For bringing enhancements in the team work and performance level initiatives are required to be taken by each and every team mate. Inactiveness in the working of the team will be proven disadvantageous and the work will be at stake (Shockley-Zalabak, 2014). The below determined are some of the characters which are required to be possessed by the team mates for conducting effective communication process and which will enhance team work: Listen: A good speaker is a good listener Noticing more leads to learn more effective communications techniques. It has been considered as very much significant for any of the communication process to start and end the process with listening. A set of good listening capabilities will aid the team mates to get involved in the in the communication process that too with an ease (Casmir, 2013). No interruption should be caused or talking over the people should occur. This may lead to leave the feeling of other people unheard and which may develop phenomenal misunderstanding. Say what you mean: You should be clear about what you are conveying or trying to say. Effective means and mediums should be used for conveying and communicating the messages. The words should be clear and appropriate language should be used which will make the process of communication more effective and in-turn will lead to an enhancement in the team work. Mixed messages should be avoided, as they will consume time and will be quite difficult to understand (Mannheimer et al., 2016). This will lead to development of inefficiency in the communication process and a decline in the team work and performance will be observed. Merriam Webster (2016) has stated that Communicate to convey knowledge of or information about make known to reveal by clear signs. A good communication process has been considered as the key to the teamwork. Moreover practice of some additional tactics within the conversations such as speaking slow will be proven beneficial and should not have hurry to speak or respo nd quickly and the words and the language should be clear etc. All this leads to an increase in the performance level and productivity of the team (Kreps, 2017). This shows a deep connectivity between the communication process and team work. As more efficient will be the communication process more will be the effectiveness and high will be the performance of the team. Link between team work, communication and ethics On the basis of the survey conducted by Hassall (2009) it has been stated that the process of communication has been recognized as the team process factor can be considered as one of the focal point for any of the business organization. The author has also presented equivocal evidence for the role which is contributed by the communication in the performance of the team. According to the author there is a strong link between the communication process and the team performance which can be measures and dictated by the outcomes of the teaks performed. Working together is always proven beneficial for the completion off the tasks (Crane and Matten, 2016). Effective communication also leads to a decline or elimination of the stress and the negative feelings. These negative aspects will surely affect the team performance and productivity (Condei et al., 2014). There is an inverse relation between the concepts of communication and team performance. As for having an effective communication met hodology within the organization the individuals are required to get involved in active listening, should have a clear understanding about the goals. Active listening has been considered as the most effective character of the communication process. Active listening involves, note making, asking relevant questions and also repeating what the other person is saying. This all will lead the team mates to bring an increase in the performance and productivity. This all dictates the link between the communication process and the team performance. Ethics also have a strong relation with the process of communication and team performance. The team mates are required to conduct the communication process in an ethical manner (Trevino and Nelson, 2016). This should be considered as the basic requirement and also the top priority. Ethical conducting of the operations and functionalities presents a positive image of the business corporation and which will be proven beneficial on various grounds. E thical conduct determines that the operations and functionalities are executed correctly (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald, 2014). And same is with the communication process. For developing the performance and productivity on true grounds the communication process should be conducted ethically. The ethical communication invoices exchange and sharing of correct and relevant information between the team mates. Ethical communication if conducted will lead in the development of a feeling of trust among the team members and will also increase the understanding level. Better understanding level and a sense of coordination will tend the members to bring an enhancement in the effectiveness in the productivity. This shows that there is a strong link between ethics, communication and team performance (Weiss, 2014). Moreover, ethical considerations also aids the entity in development of the of positive image, goodwill and an increase in the market share will be observed. Conclusion In the limelight of the above summarized essay it has been concluded that the term communication has been considered as one of the significant approach. This methodology has been considered as one of the integral part of each and every organizational process as it is the medium which is utilized by the each and every department and hierarchy within the organizational structure. Communication methodologies facilitate the transferring of the data and information within the different level of the entity. The above executed report has been analyzed on the various concepts which are linked with the concept of communication. The first part comprises of the description of the key terms such as the team work, team communication and team performance and effectiveness. A relationship of these terms has been described within this report. All these mentioned key terms form an empirical part of the communication process. The next part of the review involves the identification and description of t he communication process which is linked to the team performance and effectiveness of the same. Furthermore, the a link between all three concepts together has been determined and that are the ethics, communication and the team work. References Casmir, F.L. ed., 2013.Ethics in intercultural and international communication. Routledge. CONDEI, R., NICULAE, I., ?TEFAN, P. and POPESCU, A., 2014. Ethics and communication in management.ETHICS,14(3). Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grunig, J.E. ed., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kokemuller, 2017, What is team communication, Assessed on 25th October 2017, https://bizfluent.com/about-5340885-team-communication.html. Kreps, D.G.P., 2017. Corporations and professionalism: awkward bed-fellows?.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. Mannheimer, S., Mannheimer, S., Young, S.W., Young, S.W., Rossmann, D. and Rossmann, D., 2016. On the ethics of social network research in libraries.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,14(2), pp.139-151. McDuffee, S, 2014, Learn how to communicate effectively to improve teamwork, Assessed on 25th October 2017, https://www.teambonding.com/how-communicate-effectively-improve-teamwork/. motivated-minds, 2017, Team performance, Assessed on 25th October 2017, https://www.motivated-minds.com/services/team_performance.php. Shockley-Zalabak, P., 2014.Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Arvind Pandey Caught in Business Web free essay sample

Pandey is a project manager at AI Saba Construction Company in Muscat. It is a flourishing company with several construction projects in Muscat and a broad. It is known for completing projects on time and with high quantity construction. The company’s Chairman is a rich and highly educated Omani. A German engineer is Arvind’s Vice-President for urban and foreign construction projects. Three months ago, AI Saba had submitted a tender for a major construction project in Kuwait. Its quotation was for $25 million. In Kuwait the project was sponsored and announced by a USbased construction company called Fuma. According to AI Saba, their bid of $25 million was modest but had included a high margin of profit. On 25 April, Arvind was asked to go to Kuwait to find out the Fuma project manager the status of their construction proposal. Arvind was delighted to know that Fuma had decided to give his company (AI Saba) the construction project work. We will write a custom essay sample on Arvind Pandey Caught in Business Web or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The project meant a lot for AI Saba as they Is this essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 650,000 just like it! get better grades had already put in a lot of effort and money in planning the proposed construction in Kuwait. But before Arvind could thank the Fuma project manager, he was told that bid should be raised to $28 million. Arvind was surprised. He tried to convince the Fuma project manager that his (Arvind) company had the best reputation for doing construction work in a cost effective way. However, he could always raise the bid by $3 million. But he wanted to know why he was required to do so. The Fuma manager’s reply was, â€Å"That’s the way we do our business in this part of the world. $1 million will go to our Managing Director in the US, I shall get $1 million, you, Mr. Pandey, will get $1 million in a specified account in Swiss Bank. † Arvind asked, â€Å"But why me? † â€Å"So that you never talk about it to any one. † The Fuma Project Manager said. Arvind promised never to leak it out to any one else. And he tried to bargain to raise the bid by $2 million. For, Arvind was familiar with the practice of pay-off involved in any such things. Question:- 1. Analyse the reasons for Arvind Pandeys dilemma. 2. Does Arvind Pandey really face a dilemma ? 3. In your view what should Arvind Pandey do ? Should he disclose it to his German vice president ?

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace Free Online Research Papers In the workforce environment cultural diversity is a frequent problem, often employees are discriminated against or misunderstood because of their diverse appearance. We each belong to an entire collection of cultures different shared values, beliefs, and attitudes. Our own actions influence the way we characterize the actions of others. It is not easy to understand people from different cultures. In forming an opinion of other cultures, we have a tendency to make assumptions and generalizations which can get in the way of common sense. More often than not the technical language is understood, but other elements of communication are overlooked. Most of all communication is nonverbal. As much as 90% of your communication is done without words. Gestures, facial expressions, and posture provide information about a persons emotions and relationships with others (University of Northern Iowa, n.d.). Nonverbal communication is used more than verbal communication. The majority of people identify others by first appearances without communicating. It is easy to misunderstand another cultures expression of respect or affection. When you encounter someone new, the expectation of the other person perhaps is a nod of the head, a handshake, or a hug. How is a person to know? To have a successful business environment it is essential to have excellent communication. â€Å"There is no better way to build trust than through communication† (Hayhoe Grady, 2008, p.40). Eight years ago while working for a financial institution, I had a miscommunication with a coworker. Keiko was who is originally from Tokyo and worked as a finance officer for the local branch. Although Keiko has been in the United States for several years she still had a very heavy Asian accent and was incapable of forming proper grammar, but she was an excellent worker and expert at loans. If someone could not comprehend what she said they would then ask her to say it again and she would without a problem. Well a client came in one day and asked for her because he had a question a loan for their business. I went ahead and called her over for the client to ask her a question in reference to his business loan. The client did not comprehend what she was saying and Keiko did not unders tand what the needs of the client were. After explaining for the third time what he wanted the client became aggravated. A bit frustrated the client exasperatingly stated, â€Å"I cannot comprehend why businesses hire people that who do not speak English. Don’t they know that they work and live in America and need to speak English! If we lived in their country we would have to learn their language.† To make matters worse, I expressed my regret to the client and told him that I would talk with the loan manager to make sure that his work with our manager and make sure that his demands were taken care. After the client left the branch, Keiko began to cry and blamed me for what had occurred. I became a little offended and did not comprehend what was happening, I was taken aback. My thoughts were what did I do and why was she upset with me? I thought I was doing her a favor by getting the client away from her. This one example of why it is important to have Intercultu ral Communication in the workplace. I did not think there was anything wrong with what I did think what I did was wrong; on the other hand, evidently that is not what Keiko believed. When I talked with the loan manager and explained to her what took place, I realized that Keiko was sadden because I did not support her when the client made those malicious comments about her and she also thought I should have explained the issues the client had to her myself. I learned from her that day some Asian cultures. She explained to me that in China, Japan, and other Asian cultures it is imperative to avoid causing your counterpart to lose face. In Asian cultures to raise your voice or shout at a person in public, or to correct them in front of their peers will cause them to lose face (Berman, 2003). I made an apology to Keiko and let her know I was trying to be helpful and that I meant no disrespect. One of the crucial points to effective intercultural communication is knowledge. It is extremely vital that people recognize the problems of intercultural communication and make an effort to overcome these problems when there is a culturally diverse workforce. A large number of people make the assumption that cultural diversity is the cause of communication issues. Employers should be willing to be open-minded and forgiving, rather than threatening and aggressive, if issues arise. One should be cautious in intercultural interactions and come to any assumption of how a person feels or what person thinking. One of the main points to intercultural communication is Reflective Listening. Reflective Listening is used to analysis what someone is saying by reiterate what you think you heard. This helps in validating what was heard is accurately understood (Vuckovic, 2008). Reflective Listening is also helpful because there are many words and gestures that are used in different ways among languages or cultural groups. Some organizations frequently use mediators that are familiar with different cultures. This can be very helpful in intercultural communication situations. Mediators help in translating both the words and gestures. For example, what would be considered inappropriate in one culture can be discussed and changed, so it does not offend before they are shared with culture. Americans are quick to reference or direct to the issues. Other cultures like to set up relationships before any business is discussed. If a relationship is not made before discussions on business are started there is no trust in the person that is speaking. A mediator that recognizes the issue can help in making appropriate adjustments to the procedures. Organization need to be knowledgeable about managing a diverse culture. It is vital for an organization to succeed in global arena. The responsibility of a diverse culture influences talent management policies and procedures in the workplace. One talent continues to motivate others; demonstrate the ability to effectually communicate with clients, coworkers, and management. If there are no effective communication skills the workplace suffers. ? References University of Northern Iowa. (n.d.). Non-Verbal Communication. Retrieved July 29, 2009, from cba.uni.edu/Buscomm/nonverbal/index.html Hayhoe, George F., Grady, Helem. (2008). Connecting People with Technology: Issues in Professional Communication . Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company . Vuckovic, Aleksandra. (2008). Inter-cultural communication: a foundation of communicative action. , 2(1), 47 59. doi: 10.1108/17504970810867151. Research Papers on Intercultural Communication in the WorkplaceThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part One

The global security structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The global security structure - Essay Example Whereas the previous era was defined by hard targets and the means through which terrorists could affect physical damage upon a given state via the use of explosives and/or other traditional forms of violence, policy makers and governmental entities have come to place cyber-terrorism as equally important as WMDs and the use of other conventional weapons, due to the disastrous impacts that it can have on a nation’s economy. Threats to cyber-security, from the perspective of the United States, primarily originate from Russia, China, and aspects of organized crime throughout the world up to and including terrorist groups. Classical realism and an approach to security: †¢ The survival of the state is dependent upon its ability to organize and control its military as a means of defending its territory. Even though national interests can be compared, no two states can have the same national interest. As a direct function of the rationale and understanding of why conflict merges can clearly be seen. Security is the fundamental concern that any state has – more important than political ideology or other power motives As a means of preserving this security, military means are employed as the most powerful deterrents. Implications of neorealism: For neorealists weapons and weapons systems are the most relevant indicators of the way in which power can be exerted and used to influence a situation. Implications of classical realists: Classical realists would likely point to two key shortcomings that neorealists have, namely the fact that it glosses over the role of choice for the individual actors, and the fact that it does not question the constraints or longevity of security structures. Changes to the global structure: The first major shift can be seen with regard to the way in which Pres. Jimmy Carter tried to move United States foreign-policy from a realist perspective towards more of an idealist perspective. In such a way, the Helsinki Agreement alon g with other factors helped to promote a level of idealism and hope for the way in which the United States, and indeed the rest of the world, could integrate with. Another noted shift came with the Clinton administration. Due to the fact that the collapse of the Soviet Union had presented the United States with a drastically redefined world, Clinton and his entire staff were of the opinion that instead of acting in a unipolar way, or understanding the world in something of a bipolar matter, the United States would be much better served to engage with multilateral forces to include the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF, NAFTA, and NATO, not to mention the UN, as a means of effecting United States interests upon the rest of the world. It almost goes without saying that the United States faces a definitive shift with regard to the Bush administration and specifically the events after September 11, 2001. As a result of the terrorist attack, President Bush shifted the United States policy bac k towards a unipolar interpretation of the world, and an idea that the United States should craft its own future based upon the inherent needs that the nation experiences, regardless of the ramifications or repercussions to other states/actors. As further means of comparison, Pres. Obama has served as something of a mixture of three of his predecessors. Ultimately, Obama combines the unilateralism of Bush’

Human Resource Management Practice in the UK private security industry Essay

Human Resource Management Practice in the UK private security industry - Essay Example heir employer’s investment, ensure that laws are followed and implemented, and apart from preventing many other problems they prevent criminal activity (Brewster, 1994). The security personnel are expected to behave as a part of the culture of the organization and process information to protect the interests of their employers and suggest improvements in the infrastructure. This requires them to have good judgement and common sense as they need to follow directives given to them and moreover may be required to testify in courts. Their instinctual development and insights make them respond to emergencies effectively and take charge of the situation in a can do attitude while directing others to safety. Either in groups or working alone or being assisted by technology, the security personnel have to be solely responsible of any situation that calls for their immediate response (Brewster, 1994). Based on the needs and requirements of the industry and the dynamic way the companies progress, the recruitment and selection processes of these companies are made to follow government regulations and internal policies to ensure service and recruitment of personnel (Bratton, 2001). As human resource development has progressed so has the recruitment and selection process as well. The standards that are set professionally by the industrial psychologists suggest that the selection system has to be backed by a comprehensive job analysis to relate the selection criteria with the job requirement. The main requirements for the selection process are based on the knowledge of the applicant that is directly related to the job requirement. Furthermore, the assessment of the abilities and other characteristics of the recruits are evaluated for successful performance (Bratton, 2001). The objective of hiring personnel in security agencies to provide solutions to companies is to match the requirements while ensuring a profitable return on investment. The process of recruitment revolves